Human–wildlife interactions

The nature of wildlife management throughout the world is changing. The increase in the world’s human population has been accompanied by a rapid expansion of agricultural and urban areas and infrastructures, especially road and railway networks. Worldwide, wildlife habitats are being transformed and fragmented by human activities, and the behavior of several species has changed as a result of human activities. Some species have adapted easily to urban or peri–urban habitats and take advantage of the new resources available. These data provide the context for why human–wildlife interactions are increasing. At the 30th International Union of Game Biologists Congress held in Barcelona in early September 2011, in addition to two plenary presentations, 52 authors from 12 different countries and three continents presented 15 papers in the Interactions of Humans and Wildlife Session, three of which are included in this volume. To some extent, all the papers reflected the inherent difficulty in solving the complex problems caused either by rapidly increasing species that begin to inhabit urban and agricultural areas in numbers not seen previously (e.g. coyotes, Canis latrans, inhabiting big cities; wild boar, Sus scrofa, across western Europe; wood pigeons, Columba palumbus, in France), or species whose populations are threatened by human activities (e.g., Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx, in the Czech Republic). Some papers addressed the contentious issue of predator control (e.g., gamebirds in Great Britain), while others presented data regarding how human activities influenced animal behavior (e.g., pink footed geese, Anser brachyrhynchus; and red deer, Cervus elaphus, in Germany). The papers presented at the congress show how human activities affect the distributions and dynamics of wildlife populations and also change the behavior of some species. Wildlife causes social and economic conflicts by damaging agricultural and forest resources, bringing about traffic collisions, and creating problems for residents in urban areas; while many are increasingly distant from nature and may not accept the presence of wildlife others may actively encourage the presence of wild animals. The first paper in this volume, by Cahill et al. (2012), analyzes the management challenges of the increasing abundance of wild boar in the peri–urban area of Barcelona. This conflict has arisen in other large cities in Europe and elsewhere. The presence of the species causes problems for many residents, to such an extent that it is considered a pest in these areas. Wild boar habituation has not only been facilitated by population expansion, but also by the attitudes of some citizens who encourage their presence by direct feeding. This leads to wild boar behavior modification and also promotes an increase in the fertility rate of habituated females, which are significantly heavier than non–habituated females. Public attitudes regarding the species and harvesting methods (at present most specimens are removed by live capture and subsequently sacrificed) are highlighted as one of the key factors in the management of the conflict. The second paper provides an example of how the distribution of irrigated croplands influences wild boar roadkills in NW Spain (Colino–Rabanal et al., 2012). By modeling the spatial distribution of wild boar collisions with vehicles and using generalized additive models based on GIS, the authors show that the number of roadkills is higher in maize croplands than in forested areas. This factor is the main explanatory variable in the model. The paper provides an excellent example of how the synergies of diverse human elements in the landscape (maize croplands and roads in this case) affect the location and dimensions of these types of conflicts. The third and final paper, by Belotti et al. (2012), addresses the effects of tourism on Eurasian lynx movements and prey usage at Šumava National Park in the Czech Republic. The monitoring of 5 GPS–collared lynxes and analyses of data regarding habitat features suggests that human disturbance (proximity of roads and tourist trails) can modify the presence of lynxes during the day close to the site where they have hidden a prey item, such as an ungulate, that can provide them with food for several days. In such cases, adequate management of tourism development must involve a commitment to species conservation. The analyses and understanding of all these phenomena and the design of successful wildlife management strategies and techniques used to mitigate the conflicts require a good knowledge base that considers information both about wildlife and human attitudes. The papers presented stress the importance of spatial analyses of the interactions and their relationship with landscape features and the location of human activities. Species distribution and abundance are related to important habitat variables such as provision of shelter, food, comfortable spaces, and an appropriate climate. Therefore, it is essential to analyze these data adequately to predict where conflicts are most likely to arise and to design successful mitigation strategies. The second key factor for adequate management of human–wildlife interactions is to monitor system change. An analysis of the variety of data on population dynamics, hunting, wildlife collisions, and wildlife presence in urban areas would provide a basis for adaptive management. In this respect, in the plenary session, Steve Redpath mentioned the importance of the wildlife biologist’s attitude when interpreting and drawing conclusions from recorded data and stressed the importance of conducting clear, relevant, and transparent science for participants involved in the management decision process, which often involves a high number of stakeholders. All of the papers addressing the problems associated with human wildlife interactions were characterized by a common theme. Regardless of the specific nature of the problem, the public was generally divided on how the problem should be addressed. A particularly sensitive theme was that of population control methods, especially when conflicts are located in peri–urban areas. Several presenters acknowledged that public participation was necessary if a solution was to be reached. Some suggested, as have other authors (Heydon et al., 2010), that a legislative framework may be needed to reconcile human and wildlife interests. However, each problem that was presented appeared to involve multiple stakeholders with different opinions. Solving these kinds of problems is not trivial. Social factors strongly influence perceptions of human–wildlife conflicts but the methods used to mitigate these conflicts often take into account technical aspects but not people’s attitudes. A new, more innovative and interdisciplinary approach to mitigation is needed to allow us 'to move from conflict towards coexistence' (Dickman, 2010). Other authors also mentioned the importance of planning interventions that optimize the participation of experts, policy makers, and affected communities and include the explicit, systematic, and participatory evaluation of the costs and benefits of alternative interventions (Treves et al., 2009). One technique that has been used to solve problems like these is termed Structured Decision Making (SDM). This technique was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. As described by Runge et al. (2009), the process is 'a formal application of common sense for situations too complex for the informal use of common sense', and provides a rational framework and techniques to aid in prescriptive decision making. Fundamentally, the process entails defining a problem, deciding upon the objectives, considering the alternative actions and the consequences for each, using the available science to develop a model (the plan), and then making the decision how to implement (Runge et al., 2009). Although complex, SDM uses a facilitator to guide stakeholders through the process to reach a mutually agreed–upon plan of action. It is clear that human–wildlife interactions are inherently complex because many stakeholders are usually involved. A rational approach that incorporates all interested parties would seem to be a productive way of solving these kinds of problems. References Cahill, S., Llimona, F., Cabañeros, L. & Calomardo, F., 2012. The increasing dilemma of wild boar (Sus scrofa) habituation to urban areas: traits from Collserola Park (Barcelona) and comparison with this problem in other cities. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 221–233. Colino–Rabanal, V. J., Bosch, J., Muñoz, Mª J. & Peris, S. J., 2012. Influence of new irrigation croplands on wild boar (Sus scrofa) roadkills in NW Spain. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 247–252. Belotti, E., Heurich, M., Kreisinger, J., Šustr, P. & Bufka, L., 2012. Prey usage by the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx): influence of human activity. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 235–246. Dickman, J. A., 2010. Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation, 13.5: 458–466. Heydon, M. J., 2010. Wildlife conflict resolution: a review of problems, solutions and regulation in England. Wildlife Research, 37.8: 731–748. Runge, M. C., Cochrane, J. F., Converse, S. J., Szymanski, J. A., Smith, D. R., Lyons, J. E., Eaton, M. J., Matz, A., Barrett, P., Nichols, J. D., Parkin, M.J., Motivans, K. & Brewer, D. C. 2009. Introduction to structured decision making, 5th edition. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA. Treves, A., Wallace, R. B. & White, S., 2009. Participatory planning of interventions to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts. Conservation Biology, 23.6: 1577–1587.The nature of wildlife management throughout the world is changing. The increase in the world’s human population has been accompanied by a rapid expansion of agricultural and urban areas and infrastructures, especially road and railway networks. Worldwide, wildlife habitats are being transformed and fragmented by human activities, and the behavior of several species has changed as a result of human activities. Some species have adapted easily to urban or peri–urban habitats and take advantage of the new resources available. These data provide the context for why human–wildlife interactions are increasing. At the 30th International Union of Game Biologists Congress held in Barcelona in early September 2011, in addition to two plenary presentations, 52 authors from 12 different countries and three continents presented 15 papers in the Interactions of Humans and Wildlife Session, three of which are included in this volume. To some extent, all the papers reflected the inherent difficulty in solving the complex problems caused either by rapidly increasing species that begin to inhabit urban and agricultural areas in numbers not seen previously (e.g. coyotes, Canis latrans, inhabiting big cities; wild boar, Sus scrofa, across western Europe; wood pigeons, Columba palumbus, in France), or species whose populations are threatened by human activities (e.g., Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx, in the Czech Republic). Some papers addressed the contentious issue of predator control (e.g., gamebirds in Great Britain), while others presented data regarding how human activities influenced animal behavior (e.g., pink footed geese, Anser brachyrhynchus; and red deer, Cervus elaphus, in Germany). The papers presented at the congress show how human activities affect the distributions and dynamics of wildlife populations and also change the behavior of some species. Wildlife causes social and economic conflicts by damaging agricultural and forest resources, bringing about traffic collisions, and creating problems for residents in urban areas; while many are increasingly distant from nature and may not accept the presence of wildlife others may actively encourage the presence of wild animals. The first paper in this volume, by Cahill et al. (2012), analyzes the management challenges of the increasing abundance of wild boar in the peri–urban area of Barcelona. This conflict has arisen in other large cities in Europe and elsewhere. The presence of the species causes problems for many residents, to such an extent that it is considered a pest in these areas. Wild boar habituation has not only been facilitated by population expansion, but also by the attitudes of some citizens who encourage their presence by direct feeding. This leads to wild boar behavior modification and also promotes an increase in the fertility rate of habituated females, which are significantly heavier than non–habituated females. Public attitudes regarding the species and harvesting methods (at present most specimens are removed by live capture and subsequently sacrificed) are highlighted as one of the key factors in the management of the conflict. The second paper provides an example of how the distribution of irrigated croplands influences wild boar roadkills in NW Spain (Colino–Rabanal et al., 2012). By modeling the spatial distribution of wild boar collisions with vehicles and using generalized additive models based on GIS, the authors show that the number of roadkills is higher in maize croplands than in forested areas. This factor is the main explanatory variable in the model. The paper provides an excellent example of how the synergies of diverse human elements in the landscape (maize croplands and roads in this case) affect the location and dimensions of these types of conflicts. The third and final paper, by Belotti et al. (2012), addresses the effects of tourism on Eurasian lynx movements and prey usage at Šumava National Park in the Czech Republic. The monitoring of 5 GPS–collared lynxes and analyses of data regarding habitat features suggests that human disturbance (proximity of roads and tourist trails) can modify the presence of lynxes during the day close to the site where they have hidden a prey item, such as an ungulate, that can provide them with food for several days. In such cases, adequate management of tourism development must involve a commitment to species conservation. The analyses and understanding of all these phenomena and the design of successful wildlife management strategies and techniques used to mitigate the conflicts require a good knowledge base that considers information both about wildlife and human attitudes. The papers presented stress the importance of spatial analyses of the interactions and their relationship with landscape features and the location of human activities. Species distribution and abundance are related to important habitat variables such as provision of shelter, food, comfortable spaces, and an appropriate climate. Therefore, it is essential to analyze these data adequately to predict where conflicts are most likely to arise and to design successful mitigation strategies. The second key factor for adequate management of human–wildlife interactions is to monitor system change. An analysis of the variety of data on population dynamics, hunting, wildlife collisions, and wildlife presence in urban areas would provide a basis for adaptive management. In this respect, in the plenary session, Steve Redpath mentioned the importance of the wildlife biologist’s attitude when interpreting and drawing conclusions from recorded data and stressed the importance of conducting clear, relevant, and transparent science for participants involved in the management decision process, which often involves a high number of stakeholders. All of the papers addressing the problems associated with human wildlife interactions were characterized by a common theme. Regardless of the specific nature of the problem, the public was generally divided on how the problem should be addressed. A particularly sensitive theme was that of population control methods, especially when conflicts are located in peri–urban areas. Several presenters acknowledged that public participation was necessary if a solution was to be reached. Some suggested, as have other authors (Heydon et al., 2010), that a legislative framework may be needed to reconcile human and wildlife interests. However, each problem that was presented appeared to involve multiple stakeholders with different opinions. Solving these kinds of problems is not trivial. Social factors strongly influence perceptions of human–wildlife conflicts but the methods used to mitigate these conflicts often take into account technical aspects but not people’s attitudes. A new, more innovative and interdisciplinary approach to mitigation is needed to allow us 'to move from conflict towards coexistence' (Dickman, 2010). Other authors also mentioned the importance of planning interventions that optimize the participation of experts, policy makers, and affected communities and include the explicit, systematic, and participatory evaluation of the costs and benefits of alternative interventions (Treves et al., 2009). One technique that has been used to solve problems like these is termed Structured Decision Making (SDM). This technique was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. As described by Runge et al. (2009), the process is 'a formal application of common sense for situations too complex for the informal use of common sense', and provides a rational framework and techniques to aid in prescriptive decision making. Fundamentally, the process entails defining a problem, deciding upon the objectives, considering the alternative actions and the consequences for each, using the available science to develop a model (the plan), and then making the decision how to implement (Runge et al., 2009). Although complex, SDM uses a facilitator to guide stakeholders through the process to reach a mutually agreed–upon plan of action. It is clear that human–wildlife interactions are inherently complex because many stakeholders are usually involved. A rational approach that incorporates all interested parties would seem to be a productive way of solving these kinds of problems. References Cahill, S., Llimona, F., Cabañeros, L. & Calomardo, F., 2012. The increasing dilemma of wild boar (Sus scrofa) habituation to urban areas: traits from Collserola Park (Barcelona) and comparison with this problem in other cities. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 221–233. Colino–Rabanal, V. J., Bosch, J., Muñoz, Mª J. & Peris, S. J., 2012. Influence of new irrigation croplands on wild boar (Sus scrofa) roadkills in NW Spain. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 247–252. Belotti, E., Heurich, M., Kreisinger, J., Šustr, P. & Bufka, L., 2012. Prey usage by the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx): influence of human activity. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 35.2: 235–246. Dickman, J. A., 2010. Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation, 13.5: 458–466. Heydon, M. J., 2010. Wildlife conflict resolution: a review of problems, solutions and regulation in England. Wildlife Research, 37.8: 731–748. Runge, M. C., Cochrane, J. F., Converse, S. J., Szymanski, J. A., Smith, D. R., Lyons, J. E., Eaton, M. J., Matz, A., Barrett, P., Nichols, J. D., Parkin, M.J., Motivans, K. & Brewer, D. C. 2009. Introduction to structured decision making, 5th edition. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA. Treves, A., Wallace, R. B. & White, S., 2009. Participatory planning of interventions to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts. Conservation Biology, 23.6: 1577–1587.The nature of wildlife management throughout the world is changing. The increase in the world’s human population has been accompanied by a rapid expansion of agricultural and urban areas and infrastructures, especially road and railway networks. Worldwide, wildlife habitats are being transformed and fragmented by human activities, and the behavior of several species has changed as a result of human activities. Some species have adapted easily to urban or peri–urban habitats and take advantage of the new resources available. These data provide the context for why human–wildlife interactions are increasing. At the 30th International Union of Game Biologists Congress held in Barcelona in early September 2011, in addition to two plenary presentations, 52 authors from 12 different countries and three continents presented 15 papers in the Interactions of Humans and Wildlife Session, three of which are included in this volume. To some extent, all the papers reflected the inherent difficulty in solving the complex problems caused either by rapidly increasing species that begin to inhabit urban and agricultural areas in numbers not seen previously (e.g. coyotes, Canis latrans, inhabiting big cities; wild boar, Sus scrofa, across western Europe; wood pigeons, Columba palumbus, in France), or species whose populations are threatened by human activities (e.g., Eurasian Lynx, Lynx lynx, in the Czech Republic). Some papers addressed the contentious issue of predator control (e.g., gamebirds in Great Britain), while others presented data regarding how human activities influenced animal behavior (e.g., pink footed geese, Anser brachyrhynchus; and red deer, Cervus elaphus, in Germany). The papers presented at the congress show how human activities affect the distributions and dynamics of wildlife populations and also change the behavior of some species. Wildlife causes social and economic conflicts by damaging agricultural and forest resources, bringing about traffic collisions, and creating problems for residents in urban a

Aportaciones al estudio del mioceno del extremo Oriental de Menorca

Se describe la serie estratigráfica del Mioceno del extremo oriental de Menorca. Esta se divide en tres niveles separados por superficies de discordancia:-Uno inferior compuesto por fan deltas y playas asociadas desarrolladas en el frente de los mismos del Mioceno medio.-Uno intermedio, compuesto por islas barrera limitadas por canalesmareales de edad Mioceno superior.-Uno superior, arrecifal, de edad Mioceno superior

Aportaciones al estudio del mioceno del extremo Oriental de Menorca

Se describe la serie estratigráfica del Mioceno del extremo oriental de Menorca. Esta se divide en tres niveles separados por superficies de discordancia:-Uno inferior compuesto por fan deltas y playas asociadas desarrolladas en el frente de los mismos del Mioceno medio.-Uno intermedio, compuesto por islas barrera limitadas por canalesmareales de edad Mioceno superior.-Uno superior, arrecifal, de edad Mioceno superior

Pion and Kaon Decay Constants: Lattice vs. Resonance Chiral Theory

The Lattice results for the pion and kaon decay constants are analysed within the Resonance Chiral Theory framework in the large NC limit. The approximately linear behaviour of the observable at large light-quark mass is explained through the interaction with the lightest multiplet of scalar resonances. The analysis of the Lattice results allows to obtain the resonance mass MS=1049 +- 25 MeV and the Chiral Perturbation Theory parameters at leading order in 1/NC.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Rheology of different hydrocolloids-rice starch blends. Effect of successive heating-cooling cycles

10 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables.-- Available online 25 November 2010.Hydrocolloids are frequently used for modifying starch functionality. In the present study the possible interaction of three different hydrocolloids – guar gum, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum – with rice starch was explored by determining the pasting, viscoelastic and swelling properties of the rice starch–hydrocolloids mixtures. The impact of successive heating–cooling cycles on the pasting, viscoelasticity and swelling was also determined. Hydrocolloids tested in the range 0.2–0.8% (w/w) significantly modified the pasting, viscoelastic and swelling properties of rice starch–hydrocolloid pastes (8%, w/w) and the extent of the effect was dependent on hydrocolloid concentration. Guar and xanthan gum mixtures with rice starch had the greatest effect on the pasting properties, whereas HPMC mixtures only changed the viscosity during cooling. The starch–hydrocolloids pastes formed weaker gels compared to those of the starch alone. Rheological results suggested the formation of composite network structures with high frequency dependence. Successive multiple-heating cycles allowed the gel to rearrange resulting in altered gel viscoelasticity and release of water soluble compounds that favour phase separation at the highest hydrocolloid level tested.Financial support from University of California-Davis, Ministry of Education and Science, Spanish Research National Council (CSIC) and Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Project AGL2008-00092/ALI) is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Rosell thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science for her grant.Peer reviewe

Reproduction of wild boar in a cropland and coastal wetland area: implications for management

Reproducción del jabalí en hábitats de cultivos y humedales costeros: implicaciones sobre la gestión Los parámetros reproductivos de una población de jabalí localizada en un paisaje costero, con un mosaico de cultivos y humedales, fueron analizados y comparados con los observados en poblaciones de jabalí que colonizan otros hábitats. Se analizaron un total de 296 tractos reproductivos procedentes de hembras capturadas a lo largo de todo el ciclo anual en el Parque Natural de Els Aiguamolls de l'Empordà entre los años 2000 y 2010. Se contaron los fetos que presentaban las hembras gestantes y se determinó su sexo y edad, así como los períodos de copula y parto. También se registró el peso y edad de cada hembra. De acuerdo con el patrón observado en la mayor parte de poblaciones europeas de la especie, se observó un período de celo principal entre octubre y enero, con un máximo durante noviembre y diciembre, meses que concentraron el 64% de las cópulas. La proporción de hembras gestantes, la tasa de ovulación y el tamaño de camada aumentan con el peso de la hembra. El tamaño medio de camada registrado fue de 5,01 ± 1,33 (rango de dos a ocho) fetos. Este valor es el más elevado registrado en poblaciones salvajes Ibéricas y es parecido al observado en algunas poblaciones del centro de Europa. Además, no se corresponde con el patrón descrito para las poblaciones de jabalí en Europa según el cual se aprecia una correlación positiva entre el aumento del tamaño de la camada y la latitud. La explicación más probable para la alta productividad de la población en la zona de estudio es la gran disponibilidad de alimento a lo largo de todo el año y, especialmente, el elevado consumo de plantas cultivadas, particularmente maíz y girasol. Estos resultados sugieren que la colonización de zonas agrícolas y humedales contribuye al aumento de densidad de población del jabalí y las estrategias de control deberían considerar tanto la reducción del número de hembras adultas como la aplicación de medidas para reducir la disponibilidad de recursos tróficos accesibles para el jabalí.Los parámetros reproductivos de una población de jabalí localizada en un paisaje costero, con un mosaico de cultivos y humedales, fueron analizados y comparados con los observados en poblaciones de jabalí que colonizan otros hábitats. Se analizaron un total de 296 tractos reproductivos procedentes de hembras capturadas a lo largo de todo el ciclo anual en el Parque Natural de Els Aiguamolls de l'Empordà entre los años 2000 y 2010. Se contaron los fetos que presentaban las hembras gestantes y se determinó su sexo y edad, así como los períodos de copula y parto. También se registró el peso y edad de cada hembra. De acuerdo con el patrón observado en la mayor parte de poblaciones europeas de la especie, se observó un período de celo principal entre octubre y enero, con un máximo durante noviembre y diciembre, meses que concentraron el 64% de las cópulas. La proporción de hembras gestantes, la tasa de ovulación y el tamaño de camada aumentan con el peso de la hembra. El tamaño medio de camada registrado fue de 5,01 ± 1,33 (rango de dos a ocho) fetos. Este valor es el más elevado registrado en poblaciones salvajes Ibéricas y es parecido al observado en algunas poblaciones del centro de Europa. Además, no se corresponde con el patrón descrito para las poblaciones de jabalí en Europa según el cual se aprecia una correlación positiva entre el aumento del tamaño de la camada y la latitud. La explicación más probable para la alta productividad de la población en la zona de estudio es la gran disponibilidad de alimento a lo largo de todo el año y, especialmente, el elevado consumo de plantas cultivadas, particularmente maíz y girasol. Estos resultados sugieren que la colonización de zonas agrícolas y humedales contribuye al aumento de densidad de población del jabalí y las estrategias de control deberían considerar tanto la reducción del número de hembras adultas como la aplicación de medidas para reducir la disponibilidad de recursos tróficos accesibles para el jabalí.The reproductive parameters of a wild boar population located in a coastal landscape with a mosaic of cropland and wetland habitats were analysed and compared with those observed in wild boar populations living in other habitats. A total of 296 reproductive tracts of females captured year round at the Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park were collected and analysed from 2000 to 2010. The foetuses were counted, sexed and aged and the mating and birth periods were determined. The weight and age of each female were also recorded. In accordance with the pattern observed in most European populations, a marked main mating season from October to January was observed. Within this season, there was a peak during November and December, in which 64% of the conception dates were recorded. The proportion of breeding females, ovulation rate and litter size increased with the weight of the reproductive females. A mean litter size of 5.01 ± 1.33 (range from two to eight) foetuses was recorded. This value is the highest known litter size recorded in wild Iberian populations and is similar to values observed in central Europe. Furthermore, it is not in accordance with the pattern reported for other European populations in which a positive correlation between litter size and latitude was observed. The most likely explanation for the high reproductive output in the study area is the availability of food year round, and especially the high consumption of crops such as maize and sunflower. Our results suggest that colonisation of cropland and wetland areas is contributing to the rise in the wild boar population density. Control strategies should consider not only reducing numbers of adult females but also applying measures to reduce food resources available to wild boar

Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: consensus on pathology and molecular tests, first-line, second-line, and third-line therapy: 1st ESMO Consensus Conference in Lung Cancer; Lugano 2010

The 1st ESMO Consensus Conference on lung cancer was held in Lugano, Switzerland on 21 and 22 May 2010 with the participation of a multidisciplinary panel of leading professionals in pathology and molecular diagnostics, medical oncology, surgical oncology and radiation oncology. Before the conference, the expert panel prepared clinically relevant questions concerning five areas: early and locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), first-line metastatic NSCLC, second-/third-line NSCLC, NSCLC pathology and molecular testing, and small-cell lung cancer to be addressed through discussion at the Consensus Conference. All relevant scientific literature for each question was reviewed in advance. During the Consensus Conference, the panel developed recommendations for each specific question. The consensus agreement on three of these areas: NSCLC pathology and molecular testing, the treatment of first-line, and second-line/third-line therapy in metastatic NSCLC are reported in this article. The recommendations detailed here are based on an expert consensus after careful review of published data. All participants have approved this final updat

Fast quantitative analysis of n-alkanes, PAHs and alkenones in sediments

Altres ajuts: acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICUnidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MThe study of different organic biomarker classes is essential to elucidate global Earth dynamics since different biogeochemical processes play a role in regulating environmental and climatic conditions. However, multiproxy analysis generally consists of labor-intensive and time-consuming methodologies, which hamper the study of a large number of samples. Here, we develop and validate a fast analytical method to quantify different classes of organic biomarkers (PAHs, n-alkanes and alkenones) in sediments. This new method sequentally extracts and fractionates the target compounds using a pressure liquid extraction (PLE) system, which allows us to selectively obtain the analytes by reducing the time of analysis, sample handling and solvent usage. We show that our method provides reproducible results and high recoveries (>70%), and can be applied to a wide range of sedimentary environments, such as oceanic basins, continental slope and shelf, and lakes. Moreover, the method provides reproducible estimates of paleoclimatic indices, such as the carbon preference index (CPI), the average chain length (ACL) and the U37K'-derived sea-surface temperature (SST). Therefore, this new method enables fast quantitative multiproxy analysis of oceanic, coastal and lake sediments